fatal error: linux/init.h: No such file or directory

fata error 가 compile 도중 init.h 를 찾지 못하며 등장했다. 

You need to build the module within the Context of the Linux tree. By default, the compiler will look for user-space headers in /usr/include. There ARE some linux headers there (/usr/include/linux), but module.h is not one of them, as it deals with kernel constructs directly.

In short, you need a Makefile. Also, get rid of the #define MODULE. save the following to a file called Makefile and run make:

결론은 Linux tree (여기서 Linux tree 라고 언급하는 것은, Linux Kernel 을 컴파일할때 들어가는 필수적인 요소이기 때문에 Linux tree 라고 언급한다.) 기본적으로 컴파일러는 user-space header 들에 대해서 /usr/include 디렉토리 밑에서 검사하는데 (일부 linux header 들은 (/usr/include/linux) 안에 있다), module.h 는 둘 다 포함되지 않는다. 

(이게 뭔 개소리요?!)

결국적으로 이것은 kernel 구성체에서 직접적으로 다뤄줘야 한다는 얘기다.

짧게는 그냥 Makefile 을 만들어서 조작하면 된다. 

상단의 #define MODULE 을 지우고, Makefile 을 부르고 make를 실행시켜보자.

#define MODULE #include <linux/module.h> int init_module(void) { printk("<1>Hello, world\n"); return 0; } void cleanup_module(void) { printk("<1>Goodbye cruel world\n"); } when i'm gonna compile it, i get this error: Code: root@ubuntu:/home/devilboy/Desktop# gcc -c hello.c hello.c:2:26: fatal error: linux/module.h: No such file or directory compilation terminated. how can i install module.h library and where should it be placed?

11-26-2011, 05:32 AM	#2
jhwilliams Senior Member   Registered: Apr 2007 Location: Portland, OR Distribution: Debian, Android, LFS Posts: 1,168 Rep:	Hi Devil Boy, You need to build the module within the Context of the Linux tree. By default, the compiler will look for user-space headers in /usr/include. There ARE some linux headers there (/usr/include/linux), but module.h is not one of them, as it deals with kernel constructs directly. In short, you need a Makefile. Also, get rid of the #define MODULE. save the following to a file called Makefile and run make: Code: obj-m += foo.o all: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules clean: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean This triggers the kernel build system. Given that you are using Ubuntu, you probably already have the kernel headers installed at /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r). module.h lives here: Code: jameson@aqua:~$ ls /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/linux/module.h /usr/src/linux-headers-3.0.0-12-generic/include/linux/module.h Last edited by jhwilliams; 11-26-2011 at 05:39 AM.

11-26-2011, 05:58 AM	#3
devilboy09 Member   Registered: Nov 2011 Location: Iran Distribution: Debian, CentOS, LFS, CloudLinux Posts: 377 Original Poster  Rep:	i did what you said i created a directory named header and i put the Makefile in it, but i got this error: Code: root@ubuntu:/home/devilboy/Desktop/Header# make make -C /lib/modules/3.0.0-12-generic/build M=/home/devilboy/Desktop/Header modules make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-3.0.0-12-generic' make[2]: *** No rule to make target `/home/devilboy/Desktop/Header/foo.c', needed by `/home/devilboy/Desktop/Header/foo.o'. Stop. make[1]: *** [_module_/home/devilboy/Desktop/Header] Error 2 make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-3.0.0-12-generic' make: *** [all] Error 2

11-26-2011, 06:23 AM	#4
jhwilliams Senior Member   Registered: Apr 2007 Location: Portland, OR Distribution: Debian, Android, LFS Posts: 1,168 Rep:	Ah, your module is called hello.c, not foo.c. You'd need to change that one first line of the makefile, from foo.o to hello.o.

11-26-2011, 08:03 AM	#5
devilboy09 Member   Registered: Nov 2011 Location: Iran Distribution: Debian, CentOS, LFS, CloudLinux Posts: 377 Original Poster  Rep:	i did what you said and i could compile it . but i can't insert it as module: Code: root@ubuntu:/home/devilboy/Desktop# insmod ./hello.o insmod: error inserting './hello.o': -1 Invalid module format

11-26-2011, 09:25 AM	#6
jhwilliams Senior Member   Registered: Apr 2007 Location: Portland, OR Distribution: Debian, Android, LFS Posts: 1,168 Rep:	You need to insert the Kernel Object (.ko) file, hello.ko. hello.o is intermediary object code.
	1 members found this post helpful.

11-26-2011, 11:03 AM	#7
devilboy09 Member   Registered: Nov 2011 Location: Iran Distribution: Debian, CentOS, LFS, CloudLinux Posts: 377 Original Poster  Rep:	i'm sorry, i didn't get it.what should i do exactly?

11-26-2011, 11:58 AM	#8
jhwilliams Senior Member   Registered: Apr 2007 Location: Portland, OR Distribution: Debian, Android, LFS Posts: 1,168 Rep:	hello.o is not the file you want to insert. You want to insert the kernel module, which is hello.ko. Code: insmod hello.ko

11-27-2011, 02:52 AM	#9
devilboy09 Member   Registered: Nov 2011 Location: Iran Distribution: Debian, CentOS, LFS, CloudLinux Posts: 377 Original Poster  Rep:	i did insert the hello.ko but nothing happend!!! Code: root@ubuntu:/home/devilboy/Desktop# insmod ./hello.ko root@ubuntu:/home/devilboy/Desktop# shouldn't it show me a message(Hello, world)?

11-27-2011, 03:21 AM	#10
jhwilliams Senior Member   Registered: Apr 2007 Location: Portland, OR Distribution: Debian, Android, LFS Posts: 1,168 Rep:	Run dmesg and you'll see it.

11-28-2011, 11:22 AM	#11
devilboy09 Member   Registered: Nov 2011 Location: Iran Distribution: Debian, CentOS, LFS, CloudLinux Posts: 377 Original Poster  Rep:	tanX

11-30-2011, 01:41 PM	#12
devilboy09 Member   Registered: Nov 2011 Location: Iran Distribution: Debian, CentOS, LFS, CloudLinux Posts: 377 Original Poster  Rep:	i'm having the same problem with init.h hello.c: Code: #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/module.h> MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); static int hello_init(void) { printk(KERN_ALERT "Hello, world\n"); return 0; } static void hello_exit(void) { printk(KERN_ALERT "Goodbye, cruel world\n"); } module_init(hello_init); module_exit(hello_exit); gcc -c hello.c: Code: root@ubuntu:/home/devilboy/Desktop# gcc -c hello.c hello.c:1:24: fatal error: linux/init.h: No such file or directory compilation terminated. i created the Makefile like this Code: obj-m += hello.c all: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules clean: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean make Makefile: Code: root@ubuntu:/home/devilboy/Desktop# make make -C /lib/modules/3.0.0-12-generic/build M=/home/devilboy/Desktop modules make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-3.0.0-12-generic' scripts/Makefile.build:310: target `/home/devilboy/Desktop/hello.c' doesn't match the target pattern Building modules, stage 2. MODPOST 0 modules make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-3.0.0-12-generic'

12-02-2011, 07:28 AM	#13
jhwilliams Senior Member   Registered: Apr 2007 Location: Portland, OR Distribution: Debian, Android, LFS Posts: 1,168 Rep:	You shouldn't be running gcc directly. That's the problem. Just run make. Also, that won't work at this point because you have an error in your makefile. Code: obj-m += hello.c should read: Code: obj-m += hello.o

12-04-2011, 11:52 AM	#14
devilboy09 Member   Registered: Nov 2011 Location: Iran Distribution: Debian, CentOS, LFS, CloudLinux Posts: 377 Original Poster  Rep:	thank you

12-05-2011, 02:47 AM	#15
resetreset Senior Member   Registered: Mar 2008 Location: Cyberspace Distribution: Dynebolic, Ubuntu 10.10 Posts: 1,340 Rep:	Quote: Originally Posted by jhwilliams  You need to insert the Kernel Object (.ko) file, hello.ko. hello.o is intermediary object code. I'd love to find out a bit more about this - so there are TWO files generated then? What then, is "hello.o", and why is it generated? Thnx.

결국적으로 여기서 다뤄야할 것은 insmod 와 rmmod 등에 대한 것인데, 이것이 바로 kernel compile 이후에 등장하는 System Call 과 관련이 되어있다. 어쨋든 Linux kernel 을 구성하고 System Call 을 구성하는 근간이긴 하나 여기서는 설명하기엔 정말 쓸데없는 소리라 일단 넘어가본다.